| Titre : | Nuclear physics 1: nuclear de-excitations, spontaneous nuclear reactions |
| Auteurs : | Sakho Ibrahima, Auteur |
| Type de document : | Monographie imprimée |
| Mention d'édition : | 1st Edition |
| Editeur : | Wiley, 2021 |
| ISBN/ISSN/EAN : | 978-1-78630-641-8 |
| Format : | 1VOL.(356.p) / ill.couv.ill.en coul / 24Cm |
| Langues: | Anglais |
| Langues originales: | Anglais |
| Index. décimale : | 53972 |
| Résumé : |
This book presents the fundamentals of nuclear physics, covering several topics ranging from subatomic particles to stars. Also described in this book are experimental facts relating to the discovery of the electron, the positron, the proton, the neutron and the neutrino. The general properties of nuclei and the different nuclear de-excitation processes based on the nucleon shell model are studied in more depth.This book covers the laws of conservation of angular momentum and parity, the probabilities of multipole transitions E and M, gamma de-excitation, internal conversion and the de-excitation processes by nucleon emission. The fundamental properties of α and β decays, electron capture, radioactive filiations and Bateman's equations are also examined. Nuclear Physics 1 is intended for secondary school physics teachers, students, teacher-researchers and historians of science specializing in nuclear physics |
| Sommaire : |
Preface Chapter 1 Introduction to the Nucleus 1 1.1 Discovery of the Electron 2 1.1.1 Hittorf and Crookes Experiments 2 1.1.2 Perrin and Thomson Experiments 4 1.1.3 Millikan Experiment 8 1.2 The Birth of the Nucleus 12 1.2.1 Perrin and Thomson Atomic Model 12 1.2.2 Geiger and Marsden Experiment 13 1.2.3 Rutherford Scattering: Planetary Atomic Model 14 1.2.4 Rutherford Differential Cross Section 16 1.3 Composition of the Nucleus 22 1.3.1 Discovery of the Proton 22 1.3.2 Discovery of the Neutron 24 1.3.3 Internal Structure of Nucleons: U and D Quarks 28 1.3.4 Isospin 30 1.3.5 Nuclear Spin 31 1.3.6 Nuclear Magnetic Moment 31 1.4 Nucleus Dimensions 33 1.4.1 Nuclear Radius 33 1.4.2 Nuclear Density, Skin Thickness 35 1.5 Nuclide Nomenclature 39 1.5.1 Isotopes, Isobars, Isotones 39 1.5.2 Mirror Nuclei, Magic Nuclei 43 1.6 Nucleus Stability 43 1.6.1 Atomic Mass Unit 43 1.6.2 Segre Diagram, Nuclear Energy Surface 45 1.6.3 Mass Defect, Binding Energy 461.6.4 Binding Energy per Nucleon, Aston Curve 49 1.6.5 Separation Energy of a Nucleon 52 1.6.6 Nuclear Forces 54 1.7 Exercises 54 1.8 Solutions to Exercises 59 Chapter 2 Nuclear De-excitations 69 2.1 Nuclear Shell Model 71 2.1.1 Overview of Nuclear Models 71 2.1.2 Individual State of a Nucleon 72 2.1.3 Form of the Harmonic Potential 73 2.1.4 Shell Structure Derived from a Harmonic Potential 75 2.1.5 Shell Structure Derived from a Woods-Saxon Potential 82 2.2 Angular Momentum and Parity 93 2.2.1 Angular Momentum and Parity of the Ground State 93 2.2.2 Angular Momentum and Parity of an Excited State 97 2.3 Gamma De-excitation 100 2.3.1 Definition, De-excitation Energy 100 2.3.2 Angular momentum and multipole order of γ radiation 104 2.3.3 Classification of γ transitions, parity of γ radiation 105 2.3.4 γ transition probabilities, Weisskopf estimate 106 2.3.5 Conservation of angular momentum and parity 107 2.4 Internal conversion 112 2.4.1 Definition 112 2.4.2 Internal conversion coefficients 114 2.4.3 Partial conversion coefficients 115 2.4.4 K-shell conversion 116 2.5 De-excitation by nucleon emission 119 2.5.1 Definition 119 2.5.2 Energy balance 120 2.5.3 Bound levels and virtual levels 121 2.5.4 Study of an example of delayed neutron emission 124 2.6 Semi-empirical Bethe–Weizsäcker mass formula 126 2.6.1 Presentation of the liquid drop model 126 2.6.2 Bethe–Weizsäcker formula, binding energy 126 2.6.3 Volume energy, surface energy 127 2.6.4 Coulomb energy 128 2.6.5 Asymmetry energy, pairing energy 130 2.6.6 Principle of semi-empirical evaluation of coefficients in Bethe–Weizsäcker form 131 2.6.7 Isobaric binding energy, the most stable isobar 140 2.7 Equation of the mass parabola for odd A 143 2.7.1 Expression 143 2.7.2 Determination of the nuclear charge of the most stable isobar from the decay energy 145 2.7.3 Equation of the mass parabola for A 149 even 2.8 Nuclear potential barrier 154 2.8.1 Definition, rectangular potential well model 154 2.8.2 Modification of the rectangular potential well model 155 2.9 Exercises 156 2.10 Solutions to exercises 165 Chapter 3 Alpha radioactivity 187 3.1 Experimental facts 188 3.1.1 Becquerel's observations, radioactivity 188 3.1.2 Discovery of α-radioactivity and β-radioactivity 189 3.1.3 Discovery of the positron 191 3.1.4 Discovery of the neutrino, Cowan and Reines experiment 193 3.1.5 Demonstration of α, β and γ radiation 198 3.2 Radioactive decay 201 3.2.1 Rutherford and Soddy's empirical law 201 3.2.2 Radioactive half-life 201 3.2.3 Average lifetime of a radioactive nucleus 203 3.2.4 Activity of a radioactive source 204 3.3 α radioactivity 204 3.3.1 Balanced equation 204 3.3.2 Mass defect (loss of matter), decay energy 205 3.3.3 Decay energy diagram 208 3.3.4 Fine structure of α lines 210 3.3.5 Geiger-Nuttall law 212 3.3.6 Quantum model of α emission by tunneling 214 3.3.7 Estimation of radioactive half-life, Gamow factor 216 3.4 Exercises 220 3.5 Solutions to exercises 222 Chapter 4 Beta radioactivity, radioactive family tree 229 4.1 Beta radioactivity 230 4.1.1 Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie experiment: discovery of artificial radioactivity 230 4.1.2 Balanced equation, β decay energy 235 4.1.3 Continuous β emission spectrum 238 4.1.4 Sargent diagram, β transition selection rules 240 4.1.5 Decay energy diagram 243 4.1.6 Condition β + emission 245 4.1.7 Electron capture decay 247 4.1.8 Double β decay, branching ratio 251 4.1.9 Atomic de-excitation, Auger effect 254 4.2 Radioactive family trees 259 |
| Type de document : | Livres |
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