| Titre : | Le streaming vidéo dans les réseaux véhiculaires ad-hoc |
| Auteurs : | Sofiane Zaidi, Auteur ; Salim Bitam, Directeur de thèse ; Abdelhamid Mellouk, Directeur de thèse |
| Type de document : | Thése doctorat |
| Editeur : | Biskra [Algérie] : Faculté des Sciences Exactes et des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Mohamed Khider, 2018 |
| Format : | 1 vol. (104 p.) / 30 cm |
| Langues: | Anglais |
| Mots-clés: | Vehicular ad hoc networks,video streaming,sub-packet forward error correction,redundancy,retransmission |
| Résumé : |
Recently, video streaming in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is considered as one of the most important challenges tackled by research community of vehicular networks. Defined as a continuous video transmission; video streaming in VANET helps to improve road safety and passengers comfort. However due to the highly dynamic of VANET topology, the video quality is often deteriorated where the communication suffers from a high packet loss rate and an increased transmission delay. This specificity makes it difficult to apply the conventional transport protocols such as UDP and TCP to video streaming over VANET. To deal with these limits, we propose in this thesis feasible solutions for video streaming in VANET. Based on VANET and video streaming particularities and challenges, three contributions are proposed and designed namely; an Enhanced Adaptive Sub-packet Forward Error Correction (EASP-FEC), an Enhanced User Datagram Protocol (EUDP), and a Hybrid Error Recovery Protocol (HERP). All these solutions aim at ensuring a high video quality at the end receiver in terms of the quality of service (QoS) and/or the quality of experience (QoE) metrics. Based on a redundancy technique to recover uniform errors of the transmitted video and unlike existing Forward Error Correction (FEC) mechanism which generates redundant packets for each block of original packets, our first proposal (EASP-FEC) divides a packet into a set of original sub-packets, then it generates redundant sub-packets for each packet in order to enhance the error recovery rate and the video streaming quality. In addition and compared to the well-known Sub-packet Forward Error Correction (SPFEC) mechanism, EASP-FEC reduces the network congestion problem by adjusting the number of redundant sub-packets according to the network load. We propose to apply EASP-FEC at the sender and relay vehicles, where the calculation process of redundant sub-packets takes into account the traffic condition, the traffic load and the importance of video frame types (i.e. I, P, B). A set of simulations proved that EASP-FEC provides better error recovery rate than FEC scheme and avoids network congestion compared to SPFEC mechanism. Contrary to User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which did not consider any recovery mechanism of erroneous packets, the second proposal (EUDP) uses SPFEC and adopts the unequal protection of video frame types (i.e. I, P, B) to improve the video streaming quality. EUDP is also based on a redundancy technique. This protocol was simulated on ns-2 simulator demonstrating that EUDP showed a significant improvement in terms of error recovery rate, Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Mean Opinion Score (MOS) of transmitted video after a set of comparisons against UDP and EUDP protocols without unequal protection of video frame types (EUDP-E). The last contribution (HERP) considers both redundancy and retransmission techniques to recover uniform and burst video errors. This protocol integrates the SPFEC mechanism to recover the uniform transmission errors and the retransmission technique to recover burst errors mainly due to the network congestion and route disconnection. Moreover, HERP adapts dynamically the redundancy rate and the retransmission limit according to the network condition measured by the Bit Error Rate (BER) to avoid the network overload and to reduce the transmission delay. HERP is based on the reporting technique, representing a dynamic feedback mechanism between the receiver and sender vehicles of the video to control the network condition and network load. To cope with the network congestion problem, HERP adapts the transmission rate in function to the network load indicated by the queue length of intermediate vehicles. To improve the video streaming quality, HERP suggests an unequal protection of video frames type (i.e. I, P, B), in which the protection degree of the video frames is given according to the frame types. After a set of ns-2 based simulations, the results obtained by HERP achieve significant improvements of transmitted video in terms of QoS and QoE metrics after comparisons against native UDP and SPFEC based UDP protocol. |
| Sommaire : |
1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Motivation of video streaming in VANET ....................................................................2 1.2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................2 1.3 Contributions ................................................................................................................4 1.4 Thesis Organization ......................................................................................................5 2 Video streaming in VANET: an overview ........................................................................6 2.1 Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks .........................................................................................7 2.1.1 Definition ...............................................................................................................7 2.1.2 VANET architecture ..............................................................................................8 2.1.2.1 Vehicles On-Board Unit (OBU).......................................................................8 2.1.2.2 Road-Side Units (RSUs) ..................................................................................9 2.1.3 VANET communication .........................................................................................9 2.1.4 VANET applications ............................................................................................ 10 2.1.5 Communication standards and protocols in VANET............................................. 12 2.1.5.1 Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) ......................................... 12 2.1.5.2 Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) ................................... 12 2.1.5.2.1 IEEE 802.11p ......................................................................................... 13 2.1.5.2.2 IEEE P1609 ............................................................................................ 13 2.2 Video streaming .......................................................................................................... 14 2.2.1 Video streaming metrics ....................................................................................... 14 2.2.1.1 QoS metrics of video streaming ..................................................................... 15 2.2.1.2 QoE metrics of video streaming ..................................................................... 18 2.2.2 Video encoding techniques ................................................................................... 19 2.2.2.1 Scalable Video Coding (SVC) ....................................................................... 19 2.2.2.2 Multiple Description Coding (MDC) ............................................................. 20 2.2.2.3 XOR based coding......................................................................................... 20 2.2.2.4 Flexible Macroblock Ordering (FMO) coding ............................................... 20 2.2.2.5 Network Coding (NC) ................................................................................... 20 2.2.3 Video encoding standards..................................................................................... 20 2.2.3.1 MPEG-4 ........................................................................................................ 21 2.2.3.2 H.264/AVC ................................................................................................... 21 2.2.3.3 H.265/HEVC ................................................................................................. 22 2.3 Error resiliency techniques .......................................................................................... 22 2.3.1 Redundancy-based techniques .............................................................................. 22 2.3.1.1 Forward error correction (FEC) ..................................................................... 22 2.3.1.2 Interleaving ................................................................................................... 23 2.3.1.3 Erasure Coding (EC) ..................................................................................... 24 2.3.2 Retransmission-based techniques ......................................................................... 24 2.3.3 Error concealment-based techniques..................................................................... 24 2.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 25 3 Related work on video streaming in VANET ................................................................. 26 3.1 VANET video streaming at application and transport layers ....................................... 27 3.1.1 Video encoding .................................................................................................... 27 3.1.2 Error resiliency techniques ................................................................................... 28 3.1.2.1 Redundancy-based techniques ....................................................................... 28 3.1.2.2 Retransmission-based techniques ................................................................... 30 3.1.2.3 Error concealment-based techniques .............................................................. 31 3.1.3 Comparison between different video streaming works in VANET at application and transport layers .................................................................................................... 31 3.1.4 Video streaming works at application and transport layers discussion: Advantage and disadvantages ............................................................................................... 34 3.2 VANET video streaming at network layer ................................................................... 35 3.2.1 Traditional schemes ............................................................................................. 35 3.2.2 Forwarding-based schemes................................................................................... 38 3.2.2.1 Sender-Based Forwarding schemes (SBF) ..................................................... 38 3.2.2.2 Receiver-Based Forwarding schemes (RBF) .................................................. 39 3.2.3 Cluster-based schemes ......................................................................................... 40 3.2.4 Comparison between different video streaming works in VANET at network layer.............................................. 41 3.2.5 Video streaming works at network layer, discussion: advantages and disadvantages................................................... 44 3.3 VANET video streaming at MAC layer ...................................................................... 44 3.3.1 Comparison between different video streaming works at MAC layer .................... 45 3.3.2 Video streaming works at MAC layer, discussion: advantages and disadvantages 45 3.4 Hybrid VANET video steaming studies ...................................................................... 46 3.5 General discussion of video streaming studies ............................................................. 46 3.6 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 48 4 EASP-FEC and EUDP: redundancy-based video streaming mechanisms for VANET 49 4.1 Basic concepts of the proposed contributions .............................................................. 49 4.1.1 Sub-Packet Forward Error Correction (SPFEC) .................................................... 49 4.1.2 Unequal protection of video frames ...................................................................... 51 4.2 Enhanced Adaptive Sub-Packet Forward Error Correction mechanism (EASP-FEC) for video streaming in VANET.................... 51 4.2.1 General architecture of EASP-FEC ...................................................................... 51 4.2.2 Analytical model of EASP-FEC ........................................................................... 52 4.2.3 EASP-FEC algorithm ........................................................................................... 53 4.2.4 Validation of EASP-FEC mechanism ................................................................... 55 4.2.4.1 Validation of traffic condition estimation and effect of EPER on delivered video quality 4.2.4.2 Validation of generation of redundant sub-packets and effect of redundancy rate on delivered video quality 57 4.2.4.3 Validation of adjustment of redundant sub-packets number in accordance with the network load 58 4.2.4.4 Validation of unequal protection of video frames ........................................... 59 4.3 Enhanced User Datagram Protocol for video streaming in VANET ............................. 60 4.3.1 General architecture of video streaming using EUDP ........................................... 60 4.3.2 General algorithm of EUDP protocol ................................................................... 62 4.3.3 Performance evaluation and results ...................................................................... 63 4.3.3.1 Simulation setup ............................................................................................ 63 4.3.3.2 Results .......................................................................................................... 65 4.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 68 5 Hybrid Error Recovery Protocol (HERP) for video streaming in VANET .................. 70 5.1 Basic concepts of the proposed contribution ............................................................ 71 5.1.1 Reporting technique ............................................................................................. 71 5.1.2 Video packet loss detection mechanism of HERP ................................................. 71 5.2 General architecture of video transmission using HERP .............................................. 72 5.3 HERP video packet and report .................................................................................... 75 5.4 HERP algorithm ......................................................................................................... 75 5.4.1 HERP algorithm at the sender vehicle level .......................................................... 75 5.4.2 HERP algorithm at the receiver vehicle level........................................................ 79 5.4.3 HERP algorithm at the relay vehicle level ............................................................ 80 5.5 Performance evaluation and results ............................................................................. 82 5.5.1 Simulation and parameter settings ........................................................................ 82 5.5.2 Evaluation metrics................................................................................................ 83 5.5.3 Preliminary evaluation ......................................................................................... 84 5.5.4 Performance comparison ...................................................................................... 86 5.6 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 90 6 Conclusion and future research directions ..................................................................... 91 6.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 91 6.2 Future works ............................................................................................................... 92 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................... 94 |
| En ligne : | http://thesis.univ-biskra.dz/3870/1/Th%C3%A9se%20ZAIDI%20Sofiane.pdf |
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